Mental Health Disparities and Social Connectedness among Transgender Persons in Kashmir: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Transgender communities experience significantly higher rates of psychological distress than their cisgender counterparts due to stigma, discrimination, and exclusion from mainstream social structures. Social connectedness, defined as an individual’s subjective perception of belonging and acceptance in interpersonal relationships and community networks, is critical for emotional well-being. In Kashmir, where familial and community bonds shape identity and social positioning, transgender persons frequently encounter profound social isolation. This review examines the complex relationship between social connectedness and mental health among transgender persons in Kashmir by synthesizing empirical findings from international, national, and regional literature. The review highlights that reduced social connectedness, particularly due to family rejection and limited societal acceptance, heightens risks of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and suicidal behaviour. Conversely, peer belonging and supportive community interactions serve as protective factors that foster resilience and well-being. The review identifies an urgent need for culturally responsive, community-based mental health interventions aimed at strengthening social connectedness among transgender individuals in Kashmir.